What are the 5 epochs?

Terms in this set (5)

What are John Borchert’s five epochs of urban growth?

Urban growth was thus divided into four epochs: the “Sail-Wagon Epoch,” 1790-1830; the “Iron Horse Epoch,” 1830-1870; the “Steel Rail Epoch,” 1870-1920; and the “Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch,” 1920-.

Who developed Borchert’s model of urban growth?

John R. Borchert This is what was done by the geography of John R.Borchert during the 1960s. Borchert developed a view of the urbanization of the United States that is based on “epochs of technology” (epochs are significant times in history).

What is the auto-air-amenity epoch?

Auto-Air-Amenity. Explanation: The Auto-Air-Amenity epoch runs roughly from 1920-1970. Within this epoch, the internal combustion engine transformed transportation.

What is Borchert’s model of urban evolution?

Borchert’s epochs refer to five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization and are also known as Borchert’s model of urban evolution. Each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities.

How is Borchert’s model of urban growth used?

Borchert’s model focuses on the development of cities in relation to the development of transportation and communication. According to Borchert’s model a city’s urban layout owes a great deal to what forms of transportation and communication were available when the city was settled.

What did John Borchert do?

JOHN BORCHERT WAS A practical scholar of exceptional intellect and charismatic personality who made original and important contributions to physical geography, especially climatology, regional economic analysis of the United States, U.S. metropolitan evolution, urban and regional planning, geographic information …

What is the galactic model?

The galactic city model is also known as the peripheral model. The model is based on the city of Detroit, Michigan and is made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it. … In the galactic city model, the urban area is decentralized and more focus is placed on edge cities.

What is true about an edge city?

Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown) The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)

Who created the sector model?

economist Homer Hoyt The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.

Where is the greatest number of urban dwellers?

Asia, which has the largest number of urban dwellers in the world (1.8 billion in 2010), is expected to see its urban population increase by 1.6 billion, to reach 3.4 billion.

What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?

What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese? Building new houses is restricted/greenbelt around cities. Law that limits the permit deduses of land and maximum density of development in a community. What is the strongest criticism of U.S. suburbs?

What technology was important in the sail and wagon epoch?

The Satellite Electronics-Jet Propulsion Epoch From 1790 through 1820, this was the an Epoch of mainly overland (wagons and horses) and waterway (mostly sail boats) travel.

What is market gardening APHG?

Market Gardening – The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local. consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

What is a sail wagon?

Vehicles used in sailing are known as sail wagons, sand yachts, or land yachts. They typically have three (sometimes four) wheels and function much like a sailboat, except that they are operated from a sitting or lying position and steered by pedals or hand levers.

What is a brownfield AP Human Geography?

Brownfield. a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant. Bulk-Gaining Industry. An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

What is the gravity model AP Human Geography?

The Gravity Model holds that the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another. The primary implication of this model is that distance is not the only determining factor in the interaction between two cities.

What do you mean by urban hierarchy?

The urban hierarchy ranks each city based on the size of population residing within the nationally defined statistical urban area. … First, it tells us that within a system of cities, some cities will grow to be very large, but that number will be small relative to the universe of cities.

What is rank size rule in geography?

the rank size rule stated that if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, then it will equal the population of the largest and highest ranked city.

What are the main characteristics of urbanization?

The characteristics of urbanization include, structured facilities, residential, employment centre, communication network, infrastructural facilities, size, density of population, family, marriage, occupation, class extremes, social heterogeneity, social distance, system of interaction and mobility.

Is Jerusalem a megacity?

Jerusalem, Israel is not a Megacity. It only has a population of about 800,000. Though it is a very important city in the world, as it is often fought over and boasts a significant historic site of three of the major world religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam).

What is christaller’s theory?

The German geographer Walter Christaller introduced central-place theory in his book entitled Central Places in Southern Germany (1933). … Christaller’s theory assumes that central places are distributed over a uniform plane of constant population density and purchasing power.

What is the American CBD characterized by?

AP Human Geography Chapter 12 Study Guide – Services

Question Answer
Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of what? Competition for limited sites due to accesibility
As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by construction of what? Skyscrapers

What is the urban realms model?

The Urban Realms Model shows the spatial components of a modern metropolis. Each realm is separate and is used for its own purpose, but all the realms are linked together to form one large city. Each realm is its own smaller city, but form one large metropolis when linked together.

What are greenbelts AP Human Geography?

Greenbelt. A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Is the galactic city model used today?

Galactic city model is based on the concept of galaxies in space. It is also called as peripheral city model and is used for urban planning in many cities. It is a well known model in urban geography.

What is the strength of the galactic city model?

Strengths of Galactic city model/peripheral model. Shows the development of sprawl in the US with businesses and residential moving outward away from the downtown into suburbs and leaving a sometimes declining inner city behind. Takes into account the car as main transport mode in many places.

What are the characteristics of an edge city?

The following are defining characteristics of an edge city.

What is the purpose of edge cities?

Edge cities contribute greatly to urban development by creating new jobs by attracting workers from the metropolitan areas around it. Also as a result of the rise of edge cities, more department stores, hotels, apartments, and office spaces are created.

Why are edge cities created?

An area becomes an edge city when there is a concentration of firms, entertainment and shopping centers in a previously known rural or residential area. … Edge cities are sometimes called mega centers, suburban activity centers, and suburban business districts.