What does hemoglobin electrophoresis test for?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures hemoglobin levels and looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin. It’s most often used to help diagnose anemia, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobin disorders.

What is the principle of hemoglobin electrophoresis?

In the laboratory, a process called electrophoresis passes an electrical current through the hemoglobin in your blood sample. This causes the different types of hemoglobin to separate into different bands. Your blood sample is then compared to a healthy sample to determine which types of hemoglobin are present.

What is HPLC electrophoresis?

Hemoglobin (Hb) Electrophoresis by HPLC test measures and identifies different types of hemoglobin in the blood. A human body contains various types of hemoglobin in their blood. With age, the percentage of hemoglobin present in the body changes. Hemoglobin is the protein which is present inside the red blood cells.

What is the difference between HPLC and Hb electrophoresis?

Haemoglobin electrophoresis provides qualitative analysis of Hbs (A, F, A2 and others), but high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) allows quantitation of the Hb fractions.

How do you interpret hemoglobin electrophoresis results?

High and low values

  1. Higher-than-normal amounts of both hemoglobin A2 and hemoglobin F may mean a mild form of thalassemia is present. …
  2. Hemoglobin S in moderate amounts can mean that sickle cell trait is present. …
  3. Hemoglobin C in low amounts can mean that hemoglobin C trait is present.

What is a normal hemoglobin electrophoresis?

Normal Results HbA: 95% to 98% (0.95 to 0.98) HbA2: 2% to 3% (0.02 to 0.03) HbE: Absent. HbF: 0.8% to 2% (0.008 to 0.02) HbS: Absent.

What are the 3 types of hemoglobin?

The most common are:

What are the types of electrophoresis?

Types of Electrophoresis

What is another name for hemoglobin electrophoresis?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that measures different types of a protein called hemoglobin in your red blood cells. It’s sometimes called “hemoglobin evaluation” or “sickle cell screen.”

What is P3 in Hb electrophoresis?

P3 denotes the level of degraded haemoglobin and it should ideally be less than 10% for reporting the value of glycated haemoglobin.

What is acid electrophoresis?

Acid electrophoresis (pH 6.0) is used to confirm or rule out the presence of abnormal hemoglobins that migrate with hemoglobin S in alkaline electrophoresis (pH 8.6), such as hemoglobins D. Hb A and F migrate from the center-point of application toward the cathode, with Hb F migrating the furthest.

What is Haemoglobin AO?

Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α2β2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, accounting for over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein, found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

Why does HbF increase in thalassemia?

These data suggest that the high HbF levels in HbE/beta thalassemia, and other beta thalassemia syndromes, result from increased erythropoietin levels leading to bone marrow expansion, and possibly increased F-cell production, combined with ineffective erythropoiesis giving a survival advantage to F cells.

Does iron deficiency affect hemoglobin electrophoresis?

No case of mild to moderate anemia suspected of having BTT based on hemoglobin electrophoresis will be reported as normal until the probability of iron deficiency is ruled out, especially in a country like Pakistan, where the rate of thalassemia minor is high and the etiology of IDA is common.

What is the difference between alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia?

When thalassemia is called “alpha” or “beta,” this refers to the part of hemoglobin that isn’t being made. If either the alpha or beta part is not made, there aren’t enough building blocks to make normal amounts of hemoglobin. Low alpha is called alpha thalassemia. Low beta is called beta thalassemia.

What happens if HbF is high?

A baby growing in the womb has high levels of HbF. The level of HbF usually drops to tiny amounts about 6 months after birth. In an adult or child, a higher level of HbF can mean you have a blood disorder. These include thalassemia, myeloid leukemia, and sickle cell anemia.

What does it mean if HbA2 is high?

Other causes of elevated HbA2 other than thalassemia include antiretroviral therapy, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and hyperthyroidism. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography can also elucidate other hemoglobinopathies complicating a beta-thalassemia trait.

What is HbA and HbA2?

Adult hemoglobin A (HbA) has two alpha and two beta chains (alpha2 beta2), whereas hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) has two alpha and two delta chains (alpha2 delta2). At birth, HbF accounts for approximately 80 percent of hemoglobin and HbA accounts for 20 percent.

What is abnormal hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin (Hb) is the protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that binds to oxygen… A hemoglobinopathy is an inherited blood disorder in which there is an abnormal form of hemoglobin (variant) or decreased production of hemoglobin (thalassemia).

How is thalassemia diagnosed?

If your doctor suspects your child has thalassemia, he or she can confirm a diagnosis with blood tests. Blood tests can reveal the number of red blood cells and abnormalities in size, shape or color. Blood tests can also be used for DNA analysis to look for mutated genes.

What does an abnormal hemoglobin mean?

Higher than normal results If your hemoglobin level is higher than normal, it may be the result of: Polycythemia vera — a blood disorder in which your bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. Lung disease. Dehydration. Living at a high altitude.

What are the 4 types of Haemoglobin?

Four different hemoglobin species are commonly recognized: oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), methemoglobin (met-Hb), and hemichromes, whose structures appear below.

What is oxidized hemoglobin?

Oxidized hemoglobin is an endogenous proinflammatory agonist that targets vascular endothelial cells.

What is Rdw in blood test?

A red cell distribution width (RDW) test is a measurement of the range in the volume and size of your red blood cells (erythrocytes). Red blood cells move oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy.

What are the basic principles of electrophoresis?

Principles. Electrophoresis is a general term that describes the migration and separation of charged particles (ions) under the influence of an electric field. An electrophoretic system consists of two electrodes of opposite charge (anode, cathode), connected by a conducting medium called an electrolyte.

What is the theory of electrophoresis?

Electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of biological molecules based on their movement due to the influence of a direct electric current. The technique was pioneered in 1937 by the Swedish chemist Arne Tiselius for the separation of proteins.

What is the basis of electrophoresis?

Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel. Pores in the gel work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to move faster than larger molecules.

What is the normal range of HbF?

HbF: 0.8% to 2% (0.008 to 0.02)

What is thalassemia trait?

People who have thalassemia trait (also called thalassemia minor) carry the genetic trait for thalassemia but do not usually experience any health problems except perhaps a mild anemia. A person may have either alpha thalassemia trait or beta thalassemia trait, depending upon which form of beta protein is lacking.