What is Bcf in chemistry?

The bioconcentration factor (BCF) is the ratio of the concentration of the substance in a specific genus to the exposure concentration, at equilibrium.

How do you calculate BCF?

BCF = Concentration of the substance in fish (mg/kg)/Concentration of the substance in water (mg/L).

What does a high Bioconcentration Factor mean?

A bioconcentration factor greater than 1 is indicative of a hydrophobic or lipophilic chemical. It is an indicator of how probable a chemical is to bioaccumulate. These chemicals have high lipid affinities and will concentrate in tissues with high lipid content instead of in an aqueous environment like the cytosol.

What is the meaning of bioconcentration?

Bioconcentration is the specific bioaccumulation process by which the concentration of a chemical in an organism becomes higher than its concentration in the air or water around the organism.

What is an example of bioconcentration?

This second case is specifically referred to as bioconcentration. … Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation happen within an organism, but biomagnification occurs across levels of the food chain. An example: phytoplankton and other microscopic organisms take up methylmercury and then retain it in their tissues.

What is biological magnification example?

Ans. Biomagnification is the method of accruing toxic elements by different organisms within a food chain. A prominent example of it is the presence of mercury within predatory fish. This level is so high that consuming these can cause cancer.

How do you calculate biomagnification factor?

The simplest measure is the Biomagnification Factor (BMF), which is described as the ratio of the chemical concentrations in the organism (CB) and the diet of the organism (CD), i.e., BMF = CB/CD, where the chemical are usually expressed in units of mass of chemical per kg of the organism (in wet weight or in a lipid …

What is a beneficial conversion feature?

Beneficial Conversion Feature: A nondetachable conversion feature that is in the money at the commitment date. A convertible instrument contains a BCF when the conversion price is less than the fair value of the shares into which the instrument is convertible at the commitment date.

Is BioConcentration the same as bioaccumulation?

Bioconcentration is the intake and retention of a substance in an organism entirely by respiration from water in aquatic ecosystems or from air in terrestrial ones. Bioaccumulation is the intake of a chemical and its concentration in the organism by all possible means, including contact, respiration and ingestion.

What is bioconcentration factor How do you interpret the values of bioconcentration factor of different chemicals why bioconcentration factor has a unit of L kg?

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) can be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an organism to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding environment. BCF is expressed in units of liter per kilogram (ratio of mg of chemical per kg of organism to mg of chemical per liter of water).

What is meant by bioconcentration of pesticides?

Solution. The increase in the concentration of harmful chemical substances, such as pesticides, in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called bioconcentration of pesticides.

What is translocation factor?

The translocation factor represents the plant’s ability to translocate the pollutant from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant; it is calculated as the ratio of the concentration of the pollutant in the aerial parts of the plant to the root concentration [26,27].

How does bioconcentration happen?

Bioaccumulation occurs when toxins build up – or accumulate – in a food chain. The animals at the top of the food chain are affected most severely. Small amounts of toxic substances – often pesticides or pollution from human activity – are absorbed by plants.

What is Biomagnified?

Biomagnification is the accumulation of a chemical by an organism from water and food exposure that results in a concentration that is greater than would have resulted from water exposure only and thus greater than expected from equilibrium.

What is biomagnification cycle?

Biomagnification is the build up of toxins in a food chain. … As the trophic level increases in a food chain, the amount of toxic build up increases. The x’s represent the amount of toxic build up accumulating as the trophic level increases. Toxins build up in organism’s fat and tissue.

What can be done to prevent Bioamplification?

The following are some ways to help prevent or reduce the bioaccumulation of toxic substances:

What is bioaccumulation give an example?

Bioaccumulation is the gradual build up over time of a chemical in a living organism. … Pesticides are an example of a contaminant that bioaccumulates in organisms. Rain can wash freshly sprayed pesticides into creeks, where they will eventually make their way to rivers, estuaries, and the ocean.

What is biological magnification and also give one example?

Biological magnification refers to the process where toxic substances move up the food chain and become more concentrated at each level. … An example of biological magnification and its dangers is any small fish that eats plankton that has been tainted with mercury.

What is biological magnification What are its effect?

In many cases, animals near the top of the food chain are most affected because of a process called biomagnification. … This is biomagnification, and it means that higher-level predators-fish, birds, and marine mammals-build up greater and more dangerous amounts of toxic materials than animals lower on the food chain.

What are harmful effects of biological magnification?

Biomagnification makes humans more prone to cancer, kidney problems, liver failure, birth defects, respiratory disorders, and heart diseases.

What is biomagnification Slideshare?

Biomagnification occurs when substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain by working their way into the environment. … The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain.

What is biomagnification of DDT?

Biomagnification happens when toxic chemicals, like DDT, whose remains in the environment are consumed indirectly by organisms through food. When an organism in the higher food chain consumes the lower organism containing such chemicals, the chemicals can get accumulated in the higher organism.

What is biomagnification PDF?

Biomagnification or biological magnification is the process of accumulation of certain chemicals in living organisms to a concentration higher than that occurring in the inorganic, non-living environment.

What is the benefit if any of issuing equity securities with a conversion feature?

Companies will issue convertible bonds to lower the coupon rate on debt. Because of the conversion feature, investors will accept a lower coupon rate on a convertible bond. This helps the company issuing the bond save on interest expenses. Companies will also issue convertible bonds to delay dilution.

What is cash conversion feature?

Significant accounting changes: convertible debt with cash conversion features. … The earnings per share (EPS) treatment for convertible debt that can be settled in any combination of cash or shares at the issuer’s option will be impacted significantly.

How do you convert debt to equity?

A debt-to-equity swap during Chapter 11 involves the company first canceling its existing stock shares. Next, the company issues new equity shares. It then swaps these new shares for the existing debt, held by bondholders and other creditors.

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?

Bioaccumulation takes place in a single organism over the span of its life, resulting in a higher concentration in older individuals. Biomagnification takes place as chemicals transfer from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels within a food web, resulting in a higher concentration in apex predators.

Is biomagnification possible without bioaccumulation?

We already know that both require a chemical to enter into living organisms and both require that the chemical is a toxic one. … Any chemical that sits still will not make its way into the body of an organism and therefore will not cause bioaccumulation or biomagnification.

Does bioaccumulation always lead to biomagnification?

Fortunately, bioaccumulation does not always result in biomagnification . Bioaccumulation is a normal and essential process for the growth and nurturing of organisms. … Bioaccumulation begins when a chemical passes from the environment into an organism’s cells .