Which of the following is 4 hydroxy coumarin derivative?

Warfarin Warfarin is a synthetic 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative that contains a single chiral center. The commercially available forms are racemic mixtures, with the S-enantiomer exhibiting 2–5 times greater potency than the R-enantiomer.

What is coumarin used for?

Coumarins are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia, and they also have the ability to counteract the side effects caused by radiotherapy. Both natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives draw attention due to their photochemotherapy and therapeutic applications in cancer.

What is the melting point of 4-Hydroxycoumarin?

213.5 degree Celsius 4-Hydroxycoumarins It has a melting point of 213.5 degree Celsius and boiling point of 187 degree Celsius. 4-Hydroxycoumarin is light dense compound having a density of 72.8 grams per millilitre with a good solubility in organic solvents like methanol and chloroform.

How do you make coumarin?

Coumarin is prepared by treating the sodium salt of ortho-hydroxybenzqaldehyde with acetic anhydride. It involves other methods which have been developed by Pechmann Claisen, Knoevenagal, Reformatsky reaction and Wittig for the synthesis of pyrone-ring moieties in coumarins.

What factors does warfarin affect?

Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of the clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z. Other proteins not involved in blood clotting, such as osteocalcin, or matrix Gla protein, may also be affected.

How is warfarin synthesis?

The anticoagulant racemic warfarin is synthesized by the Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin with benzalacetone in the present of equimolar amounts of imidazolium based ionic liquids [bmim] BF₄ and [bmim] Br and other reaction solvents such as H₂O, pyridine and ammonia in five different tests.

Is coumarin safe to eat?

While Cassia cinnamon is safe to eat in small to moderate amounts, eating too much may cause health problems because it contains high amounts of a compound called coumarin. Research has found that eating too much coumarin may harm your liver and increase the risk of cancer ( 3 , 4, 5 ).

Is coumarin still in cigarettes?

After the 1985 disclosure, all major tobacco manufacturers were reported to have removed coumarin from domestic cigarettes. However, in 1991, an internal RJ Reynolds tobacco document noted that coumarin, at one point, remained in one brand of its cigarettes.

Is coumarin bad for liver?

Coumarin is a chemical compound found in several plants, including cinnamon, that can cause liver damage in large doses. However, coumarin is not present in Ceylon cinnamon, which means it has the wonderful benefits of cinnamon without this drawback.

Who is used for synthesis of coumarin?

The Pechmann method has been used for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of FeCl₃·6H₂O [101]. The feasibility of iron salt catalysts were observed in condensation reaction of resorcinol and methyl acetoacetate.

What are coumarin derivatives?

Coumarin derivatives (4-hydroxycoumarin compounds) are oral anticoagulants (OA) that prevent vitamin K from acting as a cofactor in the hepatic synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X (as well as the anticoagulants, proteins C and S). They are also called vitamin K antagonists (VKA).

How do you name coumarins?

Coumarin (Fig. 10.9) is an aromatic lactone (IUPAC name: 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) which exists in both free and glycoside forms and can be found in many plants such as those of the Apiaceae or Umbelliferae and Rutaceae families.

What is the most common side effect of warfarin?

The main side effect of warfarin is bleeding. While the risk of major bleeding is low, you need to be aware of potential problems. For example, you might have trouble stopping the bleeding from a cut on your hand or a nosebleed. More-serious bleeding may occur inside the body (internal).

Why is heparin given before warfarin?

Warfarin works by slowing down the process in the liver that uses vitamin K to make certain proteins (clotting factors) that cause clotting. Because it may take several days before warfarin becomes completely effective, heparin or LMWH is given until the warfarin is working.

Does warfarin affect PT or PTT?

Warfarin (Coumadin ^®) anticoagulation therapy—the PTT is not used to monitor warfarin therapy, but PTT may be prolonged by warfarin at high dose. Typically, the prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) is used to monitor warfarin therapy.

What is the pharmacokinetics of warfarin?

Warfarin is essentially completely absorbed, reaching a maximum plasma concentration between 2 and 6 hours. It distributes into a small volume of distribution (10 L/70kg) and is eliminated by hepatic metabolism with a very small clearance (0.2 L/h/70kg). The elimination half-life is about 35 hours.

Can Coumadin be given IV?

The intravenous dose of COUMADIN is the same as the oral dose. After reconstitution, administer COUMADIN for injection as a slow bolus injection into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes. COUMADIN for injection is not recommended for intramuscular administration.

Is Coumadin really rat poison?

Warfarin may be a life-saving drug for you, but it’s a killer for rats. In fact, warfarin was the first anticoagulant rodenticide. Rodenticides are pesticides that kill rodents. Warfarin was used widely as a rodenticide, but today it’s use is declining as many rodents have grown resistant to it.

What foods are high in coumarin?

Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling compound found in many plants, including cinnamon, tonka beans, and sweet clover. High amounts of coumarin can be found in cassia cinnamon (also known as true cinnamon), whereas the Ceylon variety typically contains only traces.

Why is coumarin banned in US?

The tonka bean’s distinct flavor is thanks to coumarin, a chemical compound that has been banned in the United States since 1954 because it can cause liver problems in high concentrations.

What does coumarin taste like?

Coumarin is a colorless crystalline solid with a sweet odor resembling the scent of vanilla and a bitter taste. It is found in many plants, where it may serve as a chemical defense against predators.

What is the smell of tonka bean?

Often used as the base of a fragrance, the tonka bean brings a vanilla note, but more complex than vanilla itself thanks to an exotic aspect. We therefore find soft and sweet nuances reminiscent of almond, caramel or even pistachio and praline.

How toxic is Tonka?

Tonka bean is UNSAFE. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, sleeplessness, and liver problems. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers any food containing tonka bean or tonka bean extract to be impure.

What drugs are coumarins?

What are Coumarins and indandiones? Warfarin, the only drug listed here in this category, is a coumarin. It is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that that recycles oxidized vitamin K.

Are coumarins toxic?

Coumarin is mostly toxic to the liver, which plays a central role in mopping up poisons and clearing them from the body. Though the plants are distant cousins, cassia cinnamon contains around 25,000 times more coumarin.

Is 1000 mg of cinnamon safe?

Because cinnamon is unproven as a treatment, there isn’t a set dose. Some experts suggest 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (2-4 grams) of powder a day. Some studies have used between 1 gram and 6 grams of cinnamon. High doses might be toxic.

Does cinnamon burn belly fat?

If you are trying to lose weight and especially tummy fat, start adding cinnamon in your everyday foods. Cinnamon helps in losing weight by suppressing appetite, regulating blood sugar levels and speeding up metabolism.